Sugars

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According to Livestrong.com:

The major difference between cane sugar and high-fructose corn syrup is that the first is commonly used in the form of table sugar, while the other is primarily available to food producers. Otherwise, the differences between the two are subtle; both have the potential to harm your health.

Cane sugar

Derived from sugar cane and consists of equal parts glucose and fructose

High fructose corn syrup

Made from corn starch and typically contains fructose. 

Processed white sugar – Please see the following resource:

Search for ‘How is sugar made white’

https://www.chefsresource.com/faq/how-is-white-sugar-processed/

Brown sugar – According to the above referenced  website: 

While brown sugar is often marketed as healthier due to its slightly higher mineral content, it is still a form of sucrose, offering minimal nutritional advantages over white sugar.

Natural sweeteners:

Monk fruit

Artificial sweeteners:

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/whats-worse-sugar-or-artificial-sweetener

From this website: 

“Really, both sugar and artificial sweeteners are a problem for your health,” says functional medicine specialist Melissa Young, MD. “But if we’re comparing what’s worse, artificial sweeteners are far worse than sugar.”

Replace sugar with protein.